2.1.9 State that stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways.

Stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways.

2.1.10 Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells.

A bone marrow transplant is one therapeutic use of stem cells. Stems cells in bone marrow give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, so they can be used to treat patients with cancer. When a patient goes through chemotherapy, it kills both the cancerous cells and the healthy cells in the bone marrow. This prevents the patient from being able to produce blood cells. Before the patient is treated with chemotherapy, he or she can undergo a bone marrow harvest in which stem cells are removed from the bone marrow by using a needle which is inserted into the pelvis. Stem cells can also be harvested from a matching donor. After the chemotherapy treatment the patient will have a bone marrow transplant in which the stem cells are transplanted back into the patient through a drip. These transplanted stem cells will then find their way back to the bone marrow and start to produce healthy blood cells in the patient. 

2.2.1 Draw and label (cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella/pili, ribosomes, DNA) a diagram of the ultrastructure of Esherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote.

2.2.2 Annotate the diagram from 2.2.1 with the functions of each named structure.

Cell wall: Protects the cell and also maintains a defined shape for the cell.

Plasma membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that controls the substances moving into and out of the cell. Substances are able to pass through it by either active or passive transport.

Cytoplasm: Contains many enzymes used to catalyze chemical reactions of metabolism and it also contains the DNA in a region called the nucleoid. Ribosomes are also found here.

Pili: Helps bacteria adhere to each other for exchange of genetic material.

Flagella (singular flagellum): It is made of the protein called flagellin. It helps bacteria move around by using a motor protein that spins the flagellum like a propeller.

Ribosomes: The site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes contribute to protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA.

Nucleoid: A region containing naked DNA which stores the hereditary material (genetic information) that controls the cell and will be passed to the daughter cells.

2.2.3 Identify structures from 2.2.1 in electron micrographs of E. coli.

2.2.4 State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

Binary fission (prokaryotic fission): A method used by all prokaryotes of asexual reproduction involving the splitting of the parent organism into two separate organisms.

2.3.1 Draw and label (ER, ribosome, lysosome, Golgi, nucleus, centrosomes, vacuole, mitochondria, plasma membrane) a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell.